FREE ESSAY ON ARE VIDEO GAMES INFLUENCING OUR CHILDREN?

ARE VIDEO GAMES INFLUENCING OUR CHILDREN?

Video games were first introduced in the 1970s. By the end of that decade they had become
a preferred childhood leisure activity, and adults responded with concern about the
possible ill effects of the games on children. Early research on these effects was
inconclusive. However, a resurgence in video game sales that began in the late 1980s
after the introduction of the Nintendo system has renewed interest in examining the
effects of video games. 
Some research suggests that playing video games may affect some children's physical
functioning. Effects range from triggering epileptic seizures to causing heart rate and
blood pressure changes. Serious adverse physical effects, however, are transient or
limited to a small number of players. Research has also identified benefits associated
with creative and pro-social uses of video games, as in physical rehabilitation and
oncology (Funk, 1993). Proponents of video games suggest that they may be a friendly way
of introducing children to computers, and may increase children's hand-eye co-ordination
and attention to detail. 
VIDEO GAME USE BY CHILDREN
Recent studies of television watching by children have included measures of the time
children spend playing video games. In 1967, the average sixth-grader watched 2.8 hours
of television per day. Data from 1983 indicated that sixth-graders watched 4.7 hours of
television per day, and spent some additional time playing video games. 
A recent study (Funk, 1993) examined video game playing among 357 seventh and eighth
grade students. The adolescents were asked to identify their preference among five
categories of video games. The two most preferred categories were games that involved
fantasy violence, preferred by almost 32% of subjects; and sports games, some of which
contained violent sub-themes, which were preferred by more than 29%. Nearly 20% of the
students expressed a preference for games with a general entertainment theme, while
another 17% favored games that involved human violence. Fewer than 2% of the adolescents
preferred games with educational content. 
The study found that approximately 36% of male students played video games at home for 1
to 2 hours per week; 29% played 3 to 6 hours; and 12 percent did not play at all. Among
female students who played video games at home, approximately 42% played 1 to 2 hours and
15% played 3 to 6 hours per week. Nearly 37% of females did not play any video games. The
balance of subjects played more than 6 hours per week. Results also indicated that 38% of
males and 16% of females played 1 to 2 hours of video games per week in arcades; and that
53% of males and 81% of females did not play video games in arcades. 
RATING OF VIDEO GAME VIOLENCE
Ratings of video game violence have developed as an extension of ratings of television
violence. Among those organizations that have attempted to rate television violence, the
National Coalition on Television Violence (NCTV) has also developed a system to rate the
violent content of video games. The NCTV system contains ratings that range from XUnfit
and XV (highly violent) to PG and G ratings. Between summer and Christmas of 1989, NCTV
surveyed 176 Nintendo video games. Among the games surveyed, 11.4% received the XUnfit
rating. Another 44.3% and 15.3% received the other violent ratings of XV and RV,
respectively. A total of 20% of games received a PG or G rating (NCTV, 1990). 
The Sega company, which manufactures video games, has developed a system for rating its
own games as appropriate for general, mature, or adult audiences, which it would like to
see adopted by the video game industry as a whole. The Nintendo Company, in rating its
games, follows standards modeled on the system used by the Motion Picture Association of
America. 
A problem shared by those who rate violence in television and video games is that the
definition of violence is necessarily subjective. Given this subjectivity, raters have
attempted to assess antisocial violence more accurately by ranking violent acts according
to severity, noting the context in which violent acts occur, and considering the overall
message as pro- or anti- violence. However, the factor of context is typically missing in
video games. There are no gray areas in the behavior of game characters, and players are
rarely required to reflect or make contextual judgements (Provenzo, 1992). 
EFFECTS OF VIOLENCE IN VIDEO GAMES
The NCTV claims that there has been a steady increase in the number of video games with
violent themes. Games rated as extremely violent increased from 53% in 1985 to 82% in
1988. A 1988 survey indicated that manufacturers were titling their games with
increasingly violent titles (NCTV, 1990). Another survey found that 40 of the 47
top-rated Nintendo video games had violence as a theme. 
An early study on the effects of video games on children found that playing video games
had more positive effects on children than watching television. A conference sponsored by
Atari at Harvard University in 1983 presented preliminary data that failed to identify
ill effects. More recent research, however, has begun to find a connection between
children's playing of violent video games and later aggressive behavior. A research
review done by NCTV (1990) found that 9 of 12 research studies on the impact of violent
video games on normal children and adolescents reported harmful effects. In general,
while video game playing has not been implicated as a direct cause of severe
psycho-pathology, research suggests that there is a short-term relationship between
playing violent games and increased aggressive behavior in younger children (Funk, 1993).

Because it is likely that there is some similarity in the effect of viewing violent
television programs and playing violent video games on individuals' aggressive behavior,
those concerned with the effects of video games on children should take note of
television research. The consensus among researchers on television violence is that there
is a measurable increase of from 3% to 15% in individuals' aggressive behavior after
watching violent television. A recent report of the American Psychological Association
claimed that research demonstrates a correlation between viewing and aggressive behavior
(Clark, 1993). 
EFFECTS OF OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF VIDEO GAMES
Some adults believe that video games offer benefits over the passive medium of
television. Among mental health professionals, there are those who maintain that in
playing video games, certain children can develop a sense of proficiency which they might
not otherwise achieve. However, other authorities speculate that performing violent
actions in video games may be more conducive to children's aggression than passively
watching violent acts on television. According to this view, the more children practice
violence acts, the more likely they are to perform violent acts (Clark, 1993). Some
educational professionals, while allowing that video games permit children to engage in a
somewhat creative dialogue, maintain that this engagement is highly constrained compared
to other activities, such as creative writing (Provenzo, 1992). 
Another problem seen by critics of video games is that the games stress autonomous action
rather than co-operation. A common game scenario is that of an anonymous character
performing an aggressive act against an anonymous enemy. One study (Provenzo, 1992) found
that each of the top 10 Nintendo video games was based on a theme of an autonomous
individual working alone against an evil force. The world of video games has little sense
of community and few team players. Also, most video games do not allow play by more than
one player at a time. 
The social content of video games may influence children's attitudes toward gender roles.
In the Nintendo games, women are usually cast as persons who are acted upon rather than
as initiators of action; in extreme cases, they are depicted as victims. One study
(Provenzo, 1992) found that the covers of the 47 most popular Nintendo games depicted a
total of 115 male and 9 female characters; among these characters, 20 of the males struck
a dominant pose while none of the females did. Thirteen of the 47 games were based on a
scenario in which a woman is kidnapped or has to be rescued. 
Studies have indicated that males play video games more frequently than females.
Television program producers and video game manufacturers may produce violent shows and
games for this audience. This demand for violence may not arise because of an innate male
desire to witness violence, but because males are looking for strong role models, which
they find in these shows and games (Clark, 1993). 
CONCLUSION
Given inconclusive research, recommendations concerning video games must be conservative.
According to researcher Jeanne Funk (1993), a ban on video games is: 
probably not ... in the child's best interests. Limiting playing time and monitoring game
selection according to developmental level and game content may be as important as
similar parental management of television privileges. Parents and professionals should
also seek creative ways to increase the acceptance, popularity, and availability of games
that are relatively pro-social, educational, and fun. (p.89) 
Bibliography
REFERENCES
Clark, C.S. (1993). TV Violence. CQ Researcher 3(12, Mar26): 
167-187
De Franco, E.B. (1989). Are Your Kids Too Tuned In? PTA Today, 
May): 18-19. EJ 414 201.
Funk, J.B. (1993). Re-evaluating the Impact of Video Games. 
Clinical Pediatrics 32 (2, Feb): 86-90. PS 521 243.
Kubey, R. and Larson, R. (1990). The Use and Experience of the 
New Video Media Among Children and Young Adolescents.
Communication Research 17(1): 107-130. EJ 406 646. 
National Coalition on Television Violence. (1990). Nintendo 
Tainted by Extreme Violence. NCTV News 11(1-2, Feb-Mar): 1, 3-4.
Provenzo, E.F., Jr. (1992). The Video Generation. American 
School Board Journal 179(3, Mar): 29-32. EJ 441 136.