FREE ESSAY ON CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are present in sugars, starch, acids, and in many other nutrients that
consist elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Having a ratio of 1: 2: 1 or written as
CH20. A monosaccharide meaning monomer of sugar is a simple carbohydrate. Containing
backbone of five carbon atoms that are present in ribose and deoxyribose, components of
RNA and DNA. Glucose a six carbon atom that is common cellulose, starch, and glycogen are
classified as polysaccharide, Known as a complex carbohydrate, with straight or branched
chains of many sugar monomers. These categories of carbohydrates are tested in two
laboratory experiments. It will allow us (my partner and I) to detect the presence of
sugar or starch. The first test, using two different solutions to expose the presence of
sugar or starch by color alteration. I hypothesize that both samples of the experiment
will result differently in order to pursue the next test. The second test consists of 9
food items, identifying the appearance of sugar or starch. I guess in identifying 75% out
of the 9 items right. Conducting both experiments will test my hypotheses either right or
wrong.
The first experiment on ??simple?? and ??complex?? carbohydrates, several tools and
liquids were obtained: two test tubes, spot plate, test tube holder, benedicts reagent,
lugol's iodine, 10% karo syrup solution, 1% starch solution. In a test tube (holding it
with a test tube holder,) my partner fills 1 cm from the bottom of 10% karo syrup
solution. With the benedicts reagent I gently add four drops, then quickly placed the
tube in 98 degrees of boiling water, at 3:17p.m. While waiting for 3 minutes, we noticed
that before placing the tube in the boiling water, the benedict reagent in the 10% karo
syrup was blue. After heating, we observed at 3:20 p.m. that the benedict solution
activated and turned yellow. Which meant that sugar (simple carbohydrate) was present in
the karo syrup. A different procedure was conducted to test starch. Using a spot plate,
1% of starch (about 4 drops) was placed into the well spot. Then two drops of lugol??s
iodine was added. It generated a dark purple color with immediate contact with the
iodine.
The results for this experiment meant that lugol??s iodine would test purple, positive
for complex carbohydrate and yellow for simple carbohydrates. Both samples of the
experiment resulted differently agreeing with my hypotheses. With the color alteration of
benedict reagent and lugol??s iodine, my partner and I was ready to test sugar and starch
on the 9 food items. 
Know will test the 9 items, to state weather starch or sugar is present. I made a
prediction that 75% of the items would be identified correctly. The experiment consist
of: apple juice, potato juice, salt water, baking powder solution, baking soda solution,
ozorka flavored water, powdered sugar solution, clearly Canadian flavored water, vinegar,
benedicts reagent, lugol??s iodine, wax pencil, and 18 test tubes. My partner numbered
the test tubes, having two sets from 1 through 9. He filled one set while I filled the
other, both with food solution about, 1 cm from the bottom of the test tubes. After
filling the tubes, we placed 5 drops of benedicts reagent on one set, then placing them
in boiling water at about 98 degrees for five minutes (3:40 p.m.). Within the five
minutes, I placed three drops of lugol??s iodine on the second set (3:42 p.m.). We shook
the tubes, then resting them for 3 minutes. At 3:45 p.m., my partner took out the
benedict set, and we started to record our result as we also recorded the lugol??s
iodine. 
We both had amazing outputs; I resulted on having 6 items accurately correct out of the
9. Baking soda solution and vinegar failed both the benedict and lugol??s iodine fluids,
appearing negative results for sugar and starch. I predicted that Salt water would show
starch therefore it appeared negative. Vinegar has an acidic elements, that are naturally
fermented by which bacterium (prokaryotic) go through, an anaerobic cycle. Baking soda is
a sodium bicarbonate, it is naturally occurring in the form of an ore called torna. It
releases more OH , which it has a pH above 7. Salt is a sodium chloride, also with a pH
number greater than 7. For these reasons, my estimation was not accurate. Some of the
items were organic fluids, processed powders, and flavored water, which contain either
starches or/and sugars. 
The categories of carbohydrates were tested in two laboratory experiments. It allowed my
partner and I to detect the presence of sugar and starch with indicators, (benedict??s
reagent and lugol??s iodine). The test results indicated that certain Items were composed
of carbon, containing substances that include lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Other
items were composed of non- carbon such as water, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and other
elements. For future experiments, this lab will help explain the cause and effect of any
living structure.