FREE ESSAY ON THE NATURE OF SQUIDS

THE NATURE OF SQUIDS

The Nature of Squids
Squids are among the most varied and unique of all invertebrates. They are mollusks of
the Class Cephalopod, along with the nautilus, cuttlefish, and octopus.
Squids are highly evolved, and have developed a number of traits uncommon to most other
mollusks. Fossil records of cephalopods have dated back the Cambrian Period (about 600
million years ago).
Structurally, squids have only small variations of a basic theme common to all
cephalopods. They are spherical or cigar-shaped with two fins used to stabilize movement
when swimming. Ten arms are easily distinguished emerging from near the mouth
Eight of these arms each have four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous
(horny) hooks. These suction cups provide a means of attaching to rocks or holding its
food with a powerful grip. The other two arms are called tentacles, and are contractile
and longer than the other eight. These tentacles have spatulate tips, which have suckers
on their undersides. The contractile tentacles are primarily used to seize prey and pass
it to the shorter arms, which hold it at the squid's beak.
The beak of a squid is a very powerful tool shaped like a parrot's beak, and used for
almost the same purpose. With it, squids can easily crack the shells of their prey (which
usually consists of crabs or other small animals).
A pair of giant eyes can be found near the mouth of the squid. The eyes are fairly
complex, which is a trait lacking in most invertebrates. Their structure is similar to
that of humans, and comparable in ability.
The internal arrangements of squids consist of a mantle that surrounds the body's organs,
as with most mollusks. However, although mollusks are generally characterized as having
external shells, most cephalopods contain internal shells, or lack them altogether.
Squids have very small shells, called pens, found near center of their bodies.
Squids (and cephalopods in general) possess several unusual abilities that help them deal
with their predators (which range anything from large fish to sperm whales). Their lack
of an external shell allows them to squeeze into very tight places, enabling them to
conveniently and easily hide from their enemies. When confronted with a dangerous animal
away from hiding places, however, squids seem to have a disadvantage when compared to
other mollusks with external shells. If attacked, they have no exterior protection. To
counter this potential crisis, they have adapted a number of tactics.
First, they are capable of temporarily altering the color of their skin, in effect
camouflaging themselves. They can shift their appearance from a deep brown color, to a
white, or almost transparent quality. Along with this, they are able to slightly change
the texture of their skin. This form of camouflage allows the squid to take the form of
rocks, seaweed, or other ocean-dwelling objects.
If a hazardous foe is not fooled by camouflage, the squid can release an ink cloud. The
ink cloud has a number of helpful characteristics that can ward off enemies. The cloud
initially causes the nearby water to become dark and cloudy, reducing the enemy's
visibility and allowing the squid to escape from danger. Some deep-sea squids contain
bacteria in their ink so that the cloud glows, and scares away harmful rivals. Also, the
cloud usually takes on the form of a shape resembling a squid, providing a distraction
from the real one. Another quality of the ink is that it can completely reduce the
opponent's ability to smell—one of the key components for searching for prey found
in many predators.
Squids are usually seen swimming in large schools. They are capable of great bursts of
speed—up to 23 mph, by utilizing a highly advanced form of water-jet propulsion. Of
the 375 known species, they can range in size from 8 inches to 60 feet long. It is the
largest of all aquatic invertebrates. Depending on the species, squids can live from 1.5
to 3 years.
A highly advanced mollusk of widely varied extremes, squids have proven to be well
adapted to their environment, and have carved their own irreplaceable niche into the
oceanic community. Squids have always been of major importance to the ecology of the
world, and will most likely continue to be so for millennia to come.
Bibliography
Bibliography
1. Grolier 1996 Encyclopedia; Encyclopedia
2. Encarta 1999 Encyclopedia; Multimedia CD-ROM Encyclopedia
3. www.aqua.org; internet website